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O saneamento ambiental e a qualidade de vida da população

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O saneamento ambiental é o conjunto de práticas que objetivam melhorar a qualidade de vida da população através do controle do ambiente de forma a evitar doenças e propiciar maior higiene.

Assim como o saneamento básico, o saneamento ambiental é estabelecido através de ações como o fornecimento de água potável de qualidade, coleta de lixo, tratamento de esgoto, limpeza das vias públicas, entre outros fatores importantes. O grande foco deste conceito é preservar o meio ambiente e o meio de vida da população.

O crescimento urbano e a ocupação de áreas com pouca, ou nenhuma, infraestrutura têm tornado essencial à discussão sobre saneamento ambiental. Mais que a garantia dos serviços básicos, deve ser previsto ações para a sustentabilidade do ambiente. Um ambiente saudável mantém uma população saudável.

O Ministério das Cidades define o saneamento ambiental como o conjunto de ações técnicas e socioeconômicas a fim de alcançar níveis crescentes de salubridade ambiental e promover e melhorar as condições de vida urbana e rural.

QUAL A SITUAÇÃO DO SANEAMENTO AMBIENTAL NO BRASIL?

De acordo com o “Ranking do Saneamento”, estudo realizado pelo Instituto Trata Brasil em 2015, mostra que 40% dos esgotos do país ainda não são tratados. Além disso, 35 milhões de brasileiros não recebem o sistema de abastecimento de água. E ainda, mais de 100 milhões de pessoas não têm acesso aos serviços de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Isso é quase metade da população.

Um dos motivos desses números, segundo o Instituto, é o crescimento da população urbana. Os municípios não conseguem estruturar a cidade proporcionalmente ao ritmo de crescimento populacional pelos custos de implantação desses serviços.

Mas isso ocorre em todo o Brasil?

Há grandes disparidades quando se olha os números entre as regiões brasileiras. Quando se observa os números de coleta e tratamento de esgoto, o norte e nordeste possuem os maiores déficits. De acordo com o instituto Trata Brasil, os investimentos nessa área são desproporcionais.

Os maiores investimentos em saneamento básico durante três anos foram os estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro e Bahia. Essas aplicações corresponderam a 63,3% do total investido. Porém, em contrapartida, os investimentos do Amazonas, Acre, Amapá, Alagoas e Rondônia, nesses mesmos três anos, totalizaram apenas 1,7%.

As obras do PAC (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento) elevou os índices de atendimento dos serviços básicos, porém ainda não é suficiente. Estima-se que, atualmente, para a universalização do saneamento seria necessário um investimento de R$ 500 bilhões até 2040.

COMO O SANEAMENTO AFETA A QUALIDADE DE VIDA DAS PESSOAS?

Segundo o Instituto Trata Brasil, o saneamento afeta diretamente seis setores:

Saúde

A organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) afirma que a cada um real investido em saneamento se economiza quatro reais em saúde. O organismo ainda afirma que 88% das mortes por diarreias no mundo são causadas pelo saneamento inadequado.

Em 2013, o DATASUS revelou que ocorreram 340 mil internações por infecções gastrointestinais no país. Isso representa um custo, em média, de R$ 355,71 por paciente.

O Instituto Trata Brasil afirma que a universalização da coleta de esgoto reduziria, em termos absolutos, 74,6 mil internações. Sendo que 56% dessa redução ocorreria na região nordeste.

Consegue imaginar os custos envolvidos nessa relação?

Um avanço gradativo no saneamento geraria uma redução de despesas no SUS em torno de R$ 7 bilhões até 2035 em valores presentes.

O grande problema é que a maior parte dos afetados pela falta de saneamento são as crianças. A Unicef afirma que a diarreia é a segunda maior causa de morte em crianças abaixo dos cinco anos de idade.

Os fatores são diversos: consumo de água suja, lixo espalhado pelas ruas, esgoto não tratado, ambientes poluídos. Tudo isso produz um espaço perfeito para as doenças. Estudos da ONU apontam que 10% das doenças registradas ao redor do mundo poderiam ser evitadas através dos investimentos em saneamento básico.

As doenças mais comuns são disenteria bacteriana, cólera, febre amarela, malária, hepatite A, leptospirose e esquistossomose.

Além de muitas outras epidemias que podem ser agravadas tal como a dengue. A OMS, em 2015, apontava a ausência de saneamento como o 11º fator de risco para as mortes no mundo.

Assim, como se pode ver, os investimentos em saneamento ambiental são essenciais na melhoria da saúde pública. Contribui não somente para a redução dos gastos com internações, mas também melhora a taxa de mortalidade infantil e o número de casos de doenças infecciosas. Ademais, não é à toa que a ONU vê o saneamento como um fator primário para prevenção de problemas de saúde.

Trabalho

Estudos apontam que 11% das faltas do trabalhador estão relacionadas a problemas gerados pela falta de saneamento. Além disso, a renda per capita aumentaria em 6% com a universalização do acesso.

Em 2013, 14 milhões de afastamentos do trabalho foram gerados por diarreia ou vômito. Em 2015, as horas não trabalhadas propiciaram um custo de R$ 872 milhões para as empresas.

Educação

Você sabia que o saneamento também afeta a educação? Lembra que a maioria afetada pelas doenças decorrentes da falta de saneamento são crianças? Pois então, devido às internações muitas crianças deixam de ir à escola.

Com isso, aumentam o número de faltas e diminui o rendimento. O Trata brasil afirma que o custo do atraso escolar custou ao país cerca de R$ 16 bilhões.

Cidadania

Este tópico também se relaciona com a educação. Em uma pesquisa do Instituto Trata Brasil em parceria com o Ibope, foram entrevistadas cerca de 1000 pessoas em grandes cidades do Brasil sobre conhecimentos de saneamento básico.

O estudo mostrou a percepção que a população têm em relação ao saneamento, de acordo com a realidade de cada entrevistado. Um fato interessante é que o cidadão reconhece a importância do saneamento básico, porém não se mobiliza para cobrar melhorias.

Turismo

O Ministério das Cidades aponta o turismo como um setor relevante para o saneamento. O país ganha muito com o turismo. Em 2015, no nordeste, perdeu-se R$ 2,6 bilhões de renda do turismo pela falta do saneamento.

Isso afeta diretamente a renda do trabalho e o número de pessoas ocupadas no setor. Previsões mostram que a universalização do acesso entre 2015 e 2035 geraria ganhos de renda do turismo por volta de R$ 1,2 bilhão por ano.

Preservação ambiental

Uma das questões mais importantes do saneamento ambiental é a preservação do meio ambiente.

O Ministério das Cidades demonstra preocupação quando a preservação dos corpos hídricos brasileiros. O Brasil detém 12% da disponibilidade hídrica global, porém há uma má distribuição desse recurso.

A bacia amazônica é a maior do país, porém apenas 4% da população brasileira reside sob ela. Por outro lado, rios importantes estão altamente poluídos.

O Ministério das Cidades afirma que 15,6 bilhões de litros de esgotos domésticos são lançados diariamente nos corpos hídricos sem qualquer tipo de tratamento. O Instituto Trata Brasil mostra que o equivalente a 3.500 piscinas olímpicas de esgoto é despejado em rios apenas nas 100 maiores cidades do Brasil.

Reduzir as perdas de água melhora não somente nos investimentos relacionados ao abastecimento, mas também auxilia na preservação dos recursos hídricos brasileiros.

Refletir, agir e mudar

São muitos os fatores que podem ser relacionados como consequência da falta de saneamento. Os impactos ambientais e a saúde pública são os mais relevantes quando se trata da qualidade de vida da população.

A população tem melhorado a sua visão nas questões de saneamento ambiental. Entretanto ainda há bastante espaço para melhorias. É preciso investir mais nos serviços de saneamento e também cobrar mais dos órgãos gestores.

Além do mais, o saneamento é capaz de melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e ainda, aumentar a renda e a produtividade do cidadão.